A forward-looking research digest on ipamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogue.
Ipamorelin Safe

THE LITERATURE

Ipamorelin References

Every figure on this site, traced to its source — checkable, linked, and listed in full.

The researchEffects & cautions

How to read this list

Every numbered marker on this site — [1], [2], and so on — points to one of the entries below. The list runs from ipamorelin's founding selectivity paper through its human pharmacokinetics, its single failed Phase 2 trial, the rodent and ferret data, the receptor and structure-activity work, and the GHRH-analog papers that frame the CJC-1295 pairing. DOIs and PubMed identifiers are given so any claim can be checked at its source. This is a research digest; the sources are the point.

  1. Raun K, Hansen BS, Johansen NL, Thogersen H, Madsen K, Ankersen M, Andersen PH. Ipamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogue. Eur J Endocrinol. 1998;139(5):552-561. ↗
  2. Gobburu JV, Agerso H, Jusko WJ, Ynddal L. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of ipamorelin, a growth hormone releasing peptide, in human volunteers. Pharm Res. 1999;16(9):1412-1416. ↗
  3. Beck DE, Sweeney WB, McCarter MD; Ipamorelin 201 Study Group. Prospective, randomized, controlled, proof-of-concept study of the ghrelin mimetic ipamorelin for the management of postoperative ileus in bowel resection patients. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2014;29(12):1527-1534. ↗
  4. Johansen PB, Nowak J, Skjaerbaek C, Flyvbjerg A, Andreassen TT, Wilken M, Orskov H. Ipamorelin, a new growth-hormone-releasing peptide, induces longitudinal bone growth in rats. Growth Horm IGF Res. 1999;9(2):106-113. ↗
  5. Lu Z, Ngan MP, Liu JYH, Yang L, Tu L, Chan SW, Giuliano C, Lovati E, Pietra C, Rudd JA. The growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a agonists, anamorelin and ipamorelin, inhibit cisplatin-induced weight loss in ferrets: Anamorelin also exhibits anti-emetic effects via a central mechanism. Physiol Behav. 2024;284:114644. ↗
  6. Stokes AH, Falls JG, Yoon L, Cariello N, Faiola B, Colton HM, Jordan HL, Berridge BR. Integrated approach to early detection of cardiovascular toxicity induced by a ghrelin receptor agonist. Int J Toxicol. 2015;34(2):151-161. ↗
  7. Yeung CM, et al. Seabream ghrelin: cDNA cloning, genomic organization and promoter studies. J Endocrinol. 2006;189:365-379. ↗
  8. Ferro P, et al. Structure-activity relationship for peptidic growth hormone secretagogues. Drug Test Anal. 2017;9:87-95. ↗
  9. Worm DJ, et al. A stable meta-carborane enables the generation of boron-rich peptide agonists targeting the ghrelin receptor. J Pept Sci. 2018;24:e3119. ↗
  10. Fowkes MM, et al. Peptidomimetic growth hormone secretagogue derivatives for positron emission tomography imaging of the ghrelin receptor. Eur J Med Chem. 2018;157:1500-1511. ↗
  11. Camanni F, et al. Growth hormone-releasing peptides and their analogs. Front Neuroendocrinol. 1998;19:47-72. ↗
  12. Camilleri M. Future treatment of constipation-associated disorders: role of relamorelin and other ghrelin receptor agonists. J Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2017;23(3):334-345. ↗
  13. Frohman LA, Kineman RD. Pulsatile secretion of growth hormone (GH) persists during continuous stimulation by CJC-1295, a long-acting GH-releasing hormone analog. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(4):1294-1295. ↗
  14. Ionescu M, Frohman LA. Activation of the GH/IGF-1 axis by CJC-1295, a long-acting GHRH analog, results in serum protein profile changes. Growth Horm IGF Res. 2009;19(3):242-249. ↗
  15. Sigalos JT, Pastuszak AW, Allison A, Khera M, et al. Growth hormone secretagogue treatment in hypogonadal men raises serum insulin-like growth factor-1 levels. Am J Mens Health. 2017;11(6):1752-1757. ↗