# References — the ipamorelin literature cited on this site

> Numbered citation list with DOIs and PubMed links for every ipamorelin study referenced on Ipamorelin Safe — from the 1998 selectivity characterization to the 2024 FDA briefing.

## How to read this list

The numbered citations below correspond to the bracketed inline markers across the site. Each entry includes the journal of record, year, volume and pages where applicable, DOI when available, and a PubMed or primary-source URL. Outbound links here are intentional and lead only to legitimate primary sources — PubMed, PubMed Central, ClinicalTrials.gov, the FDA, the World Anti-Doping Agency, and peer-reviewed journals. No portfolio interlinks appear here or anywhere on this site.

## Numbered citations

[1] Raun K, Hansen BS, Johansen NL, Thogersen H, Madsen K, Ankersen M, Andersen PH. Ipamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogue. European Journal of Endocrinology. 1998;139(5):552-561. DOI 10.1530/eje.0.1390552. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9849822/

[2] Gobburu JV, Agerso H, Jusko WJ, Ynddal L. Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Modeling of Ipamorelin, a Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide, in Human Volunteers. Pharmaceutical Research. 1999;16(9):1412-1416. DOI 10.1023/A:1018955126402. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10496658/

[3] Beck DE, Sweeney WB, McCarter MD; Ipamorelin 201 Study Group. Prospective, randomized, controlled, proof-of-concept study of the Ghrelin mimetic ipamorelin for the management of postoperative ileus in bowel resection patients. International Journal of Colorectal Disease. 2014;29(12):1527-1534. DOI 10.1007/s00384-014-2030-8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25331030/

[4] Helsinn Therapeutics (US), Inc. Safety and Efficacy of Ipamorelin Compared to Placebo for the Recovery of Gastrointestinal Function. ClinicalTrials.gov registry record NCT01280344. 2014. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT01280344

[5] U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Briefing Document, Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee Meeting (October 29, 2024) — Ipamorelin Acetate and Ipamorelin (free base) review for 503A Bulks Regulation. 2024. https://www.fda.gov/advisory-committees/pharmacy-compounding-advisory-committee-pcac/2024-meeting-materials-pharmacy-compounding-advisory-committee

[6] U.S. Food and Drug Administration / Lexology summary / Holt Law summary. FDA Briefing Document on Ipamorelin (PCAC, October 2024) — aggregation, immunogenicity, and unnatural amino acid characterization concerns. 2024. https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=2e55b76a-3173-4e04-beda-bf021202f18d

[7] U.S. Food and Drug Administration; secondary summary by Hone Health and ProPublica. FDA Briefing Document on Ipamorelin (PCAC, October 2024) — serious adverse event reference. 2024. https://www.propublica.org/article/peptide-safety-fda-compounding-pharmacies

[8] World Anti-Doping Agency. World Anti-Doping Code International Standard — The 2026 Prohibited List, Section S2.2.4 (Growth Hormone Releasing Factors). 2026. https://www.wada-ama.org/en/prohibited-list

[9] Adeghate E, Ponery AS. Mechanism of ipamorelin-evoked insulin release from the pancreas of normal and diabetic rats. Neuroendocrinology Letters. 2004;25(6):403-406. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15665801/

[10] Stokes AH, Falls JG, Yoon L, Cariello N, Faiola B, Colton HM, Jordan HL, Berridge BR. Integrated approach to early detection of cardiovascular toxicity induced by a ghrelin receptor agonist. Toxicologic Pathology. 2015;43(5):709-721. DOI 10.1177/0192623315573029. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25722321/

[11] Buscail E, Deraison C. Postoperative ileus: A pharmacological perspective. British Journal of Pharmacology. 2022;179(13):3283-3305. DOI 10.1111/bph.15800. https://bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.15800

[12] Mosinska P, Zatorski H, Storr M, Fichna J. Future Treatment of Constipation-associated Disorders: Role of Relamorelin and Other Ghrelin Receptor Agonists. Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility. 2017;23(2):171-179. DOI 10.5056/jnm16183. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5383112/

[13] Tu L, Lu Z, Ngan MP, Lam FFY, Giuliano C, Lovati E, Pietra C, Rudd JA. The growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a agonists, anamorelin and ipamorelin, inhibit cisplatin-induced weight loss in ferrets: Anamorelin also exhibits anti-emetic effects via a central mechanism. Physiology & Behavior. 2024;284:114631. DOI 10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114631. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39032817/

[14] Preventive Medicine Daily editorial / pharmacovigilance review. Gray-Market Peptides from China: A Pharmacovigilance Analysis of Safety Risks and Consumer Protection. 2024. https://www.preventivemedicinedaily.com/drug-safety/gray-market-peptides-safety-risks/

[15] Johansen PB, Nowak J, Skjaerbaek C, Flyvbjerg A, Andreassen TT, Wilken M, Orskov H. Ipamorelin, a new growth-hormone-releasing peptide, induces longitudinal bone growth in rats. Growth Hormone & IGF Research. 1999;9(2):106-113. DOI 10.1054/ghir.1999.9998. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10373343/

[16] Lall S, Balthasar N, Carmignac D, Magoulas C, Sesay A, Houston P, Robinson IC. Chronic in vivo Ipamorelin treatment stimulates body weight gain and growth hormone (GH) release in vitro in young female rats. Growth Hormone & IGF Research. 2003;13(2-3):126-136. DOI 10.1016/S1096-6374(03)00018-8. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1096637403000188

[17] Lin TC, Hsiao M. Is there an effect of ghrelin/ghrelin analogs on cancer? A systematic review. Endocrine-Related Cancer. 2017;24(7):C45-C50. DOI 10.1530/ERC-16-0489. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5064755/

[18] Ishida J, Saitoh M, Ebner N, Springer J, Anker SD, von Haehling S. Growth hormone secretagogues: history, mechanism of action, and clinical development. JCSM Rapid Communications. 2020;3(1):25-37. DOI 10.1002/rco2.9. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/rco2.9

---

For research purposes only. Not for human consumption. This site does not sell any product and is not affiliated with any vendor.